Embryology of the urinary tract: At a glance

Abstract

The urinary tract's embryonic development is a fascinating process that begins early in human embryogenesis. The review explores the developmental stages of kidney formation, ureter development, and bladder formation, which are all essential components of the urinary tract. The process is guided by intricate interactions between various embryonic tissues, forming a complex network of signaling pathways that ensure proper formation. Any disruptions to these pathways can lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), which are prevalent in approximately 1 out of every 500 live births and account for 40 to 50% of childhood cases of end-stage kidney disease. The review discusses the clinical significance of CAKUT, including the prevalence, genetic factors, and environmental influences that contribute to these complex conditions. The review also highlights three types of CAKUT: renal agenesis, multicystic dysplastic kidney disease, and polycystic kidney disease. Renal agenesis refers to the inborn absence of one or both kidneys, while multicystic dysplastic kidney disease is marked by compromised kidney function due to the presence of irregular cysts in the affected kidney(s). Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder that results in the formation of fluid-filled cysts on the kidneys, gradually impairing renal function. Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetics and environmental influences contributing to CAKUT. However, further research is still necessary to fully comprehend these complex conditions. With a better understanding, healthcare professionals can provide more targeted care to patients with CAKUT and improve their long-term outcomes.